GRAMMAR FILL · 语法填空 · 10 空（36-45）

语法填空精练 · Graffiti and Wall Painting 涂鸦与壁画

答案填入 + 提示词保留 + 逐空解析 + but/ however 辨析 + 文章精读 + 语法精讲精练

36-45 · 10 空答案浅黄高亮逐空解析but 与 however 辨析词性套色精读语法精讲 5 讲 + 综合小测 8 题
图例 LEGEND 填入的官方答案 括号里的提示词（原词） 黄色高亮 = 需要填进空格的答案；蓝色虚线框 = 题干给出的提示词，必须变形后再填入

一、文章（答案已填入）

PASSAGE · 黄色 = 答案 · 蓝框 = 提示词 · 点击生词可查词典

语法填空要点：① 有提示词的，先判断要填的词性——名词看单复数、动词看时态/语态/非谓语、形容词看比较级・最高级或变副词；② 没有提示词的，多是介词、冠词、代词、连词、引导词等虚词，靠上下文逻辑和固定搭配判断；③ 填完把答案放回原文，检查语法与语义是否都通顺。

P1 If you ask people what they think of graffiti (涂鸦), many people consider it to be vandalism (故意破坏), but some actually 36 (actual) like the pictures or words painted on walls and think of it as an art form. Interestingly, wall painting has been there in different forms for 37 40,000 years. During ancient times, humans 38 (human) used to paint pictures of wild animals or people on the walls and ceilings of caves (洞穴). There are many guesses about the reasons for creating these pictures, but nobody knows 39 (know) for sure. It is believed that they were not just used to make 40 (make) the living areas charming. Many experts believe that cave paintings may have been a 41 way of communicating with others.

P2 Today street art is hardly seen in art shows, but 42 works of art in public places are still popular with painters. They use the streets as their 43 (they) galleries to communicate with the public. There are even a few walls in some places where graffiti is encouraged. One of the most famous 44 (famous) ones was the John Lennon Wall in Prague in the Czech Republic. It was filled 45 (fill) with graffiti about lyrics from the Beatles’ songs. It was popular for over twenty years. But in 2000, it was painted over with a single color.

二、逐空解析

ANALYSIS · 每空：考点 → 解析 → 答案
36词性转换 · 副词actually
考点修饰动词要用副词，形容词 actual 不能直接修饰动词。
解析空处紧跟在主语 some 之后、谓语动词 like 之前，作状语修饰 like，所以要用副词 actually（＝确实、实际上）。句意：……但也有些人确实喜欢画在墙上的图画或文字。
37介词 · 时间状语for
考点现在完成时 + for + 时间段；since + 时间点。
解析本句谓语是 has been（现在完成时），空后是 40,000 years（一段时间），表示“持续了四万年”，所以用介词 for。如果后面是 2018 这类具体时间点，才用 since。
38名词复数humans
考点可数名词复数表泛指。
解析此处泛指古代“人类”这一整类，human 是可数名词，泛指一类要用复数 humans。它作从句/句子主语，所以后面用 used to paint（复数主语，情态用法 used to 后接动词原形）。
39主谓一致knows
考点不定代词作主语 → 谓语用第三人称单数。
解析本句是一般现在时，主语是不定代词 nobody（没有人），视为单数，所以谓语要用单三形式 knows。注意 but 前是另一个分句 There are many guesses…，它的复数不影响后一分句的主谓一致。
40非谓语 · 不定式to make
考点be used to do sth. ＝ 被用来做某事（被动结构）。
解析主语 they 指洞穴壁画，壁画是“被用来”让居住区域变得迷人的，所以用被动结构 be used to do sth.；空前已有 were not just used，空处只填动词不定式 to make。三个形近结构务必分清：used to do＝过去常常做；be used to do＝被用来做；be used to doing＝习惯于做。
41冠词a
考点不定冠词表泛指；a / an 看发音不看字母。
解析way 是可数名词单数，这里泛指“（交流的）一种方式”，要用不定冠词；way 以辅音音素 /w/ 开头，所以用 a，不用 an。
42连词 · 转折but
考点并列连词 but 连接两个分句，表转折。
解析前半句说“如今街头艺术在艺术展览中几乎见不到”，后半句说“公共场所的艺术作品仍然受到画家的欢迎”，前后语意相反，构成转折；空前是逗号、两个分句直接相连，所以用并列连词 but。此处不能用 however：however 是连接副词，不能这样直接连接两个分句（详见第三节）。
43代词 · 形容词性物主代词their
考点物主代词修饰名词，作定语。
解析空后是名词 galleries，需要用 they 的形容词性物主代词 their 来修饰，表示“他们（自己）的画廊”。they 是主格、them 是宾格，都不能放在名词前作定语。
44形容词最高级the most famous
考点one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词。
解析结构是 One of ____ ones：the 已给出、ones 是复数代词，中间只能放形容词最高级。famous 是多音节形容词，最高级用 most famous，且前面必须加 the，所以填 the most famous。另外 one of… 作主语时谓语用单数，所以后文是 was the John Lennon Wall。
45被动语态 · 一般过去时was filled
考点be filled with ＝ 充满；一般过去时的被动语态。
解析主语 It 指约翰·列侬墙，墙是“被画满”涂鸦的，动作承受者是主语，所以用被动语态 be filled with。由后文 It was popular for over twenty years. 和 But in 2000, it was painted over… 可知全文叙述过去的事情，用一般过去时；主语是单数 It，be 动词用 was，故填 was filled。

三、语法辨析 · but 与 however

WHY 42 = BUT · 连词 vs 连接副词
原句第 42 空所在句but
定位Today street art is hardly seen in art shows, but works of art in public places are still popular with painters.
解析逗号前是第一个分句（街头艺术几乎见不到），逗号后是第二个分句（公共场所的艺术作品仍受欢迎），两个分句由一个逗号直接相连，中间缺一个能“连接分句”的词 → 只能用并列连词 but。
but并列连词 conj.
词性并列连词（coordinating conjunction），与 and / or / so / for 同类。
用法① 直接连接两个并列成分或两个分句，位置固定在两者中间；② 前面通常有逗号（A, but B.），但 but 后面不加逗号；③ 它不能单独放在句首引导一个独立句子（口语中偶见，书面语不规范），也不能像副词那样在句中、句尾自由移动。
例句He is old, but he works hard. 他年纪大了，但工作很努力。／ It is cheap but useful. 它便宜但很实用。
however连接副词 adv.
词性副词（conjunctive adverb），起“连接”作用，但本身不是连词。
用法① 不能直接连接两个分句，前后要用句号或分号隔开：A. However, B. 或 A; however, B.；② 后面常有逗号；③ 位置灵活，可放句首（However, …）、句中（…, however, …）、句尾（…, however.）。
例句He is old. However, he works hard. 他年纪大了。然而，他工作很努力。／ He is old; he works hard, however. 他年纪大了；不过他工作很努力。
对比一张表看懂
对比项buthowever
词性并列连词 conj.连接副词 adv.
能否连接两个分句能，直接连：A, but B.不能直接连，必须断开：A. However, B.
标点前面常有逗号，后面不加逗号后面常有逗号；前面用句号或分号
位置只能放两个分句中间句首 / 句中 / 句尾都可以
本文 42 空✓ 空前是逗号、两个分句直接相连 → 填 but✗ 若用 however，原句须改成 … in art shows. However, works of art…
口诀看标点选词：“句首 + 逗号”选 However；“逗号 + 直接接分句”选 but。本句是后者，所以 42 空只能填 but。

四、文章精读

INTENSIVE READING · 词性套色 + 从句划线

精读说明：按《词性标注配色规则》套色——绿=谓语动词，绿底=不定式，墨绿+灰底=动名词，玫红=形容词/形容词性物主代词，玫红+粉底=分词，蓝=副词，紫=介词，橙=连词，橙底=that 类引导词，蓝底=wh- 类引导词，红=疑问词，深灰=冠词/代词/名词；句子下的橙色下划线=that 类从句，蓝色下划线=wh- 类从句。点击生词可查词典。

配色速查 谓语动词 不定式 动名词 形容词/物主代词 分词 副词 介词 连词 that 类引导词 wh- 类引导词 疑问词 冠词/代词/名词
P1 · 涂鸦算不算艺术

S1If you ask people what they think of graffiti (涂鸦), many people consider it to be vandalism (故意破坏), but some actually like the pictures or words painted on walls and think of it as an art form.如果你问人们对涂鸦的看法，很多人认为它是一种破坏行为，但也有些人确实喜欢画在墙上的图画或文字，把它当作一种艺术形式。

S2Interestingly, wall painting has been there in different forms for 40,000 years.有趣的是，壁画以不同的形式已经存在了四万年。

S3During ancient times, humans used to paint pictures of wild animals or people on the walls and ceilings of caves (洞穴).在古代，人类常常在洞穴的墙壁和天花板上画野生动物或人的图画。

S4There are many guesses about the reasons for creating these pictures, but nobody knows for sure.关于创作这些图画的原因有许多猜测，但没有人确切知道。

S5It is believed that they were not just used to make the living areas charming.人们认为它们并不只是被用来让居住区域变得迷人。

S6Many experts believe that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others.许多专家认为，洞穴壁画可能是与他人交流的一种方式。

P2 · 街头艺术今昔

S1Today street art is hardly seen in art shows, but works of art in public places are still popular with painters.如今，街头艺术在艺术展览中几乎见不到，但公共场所的艺术作品仍然受到画家的欢迎。

S2They use the streets as their galleries to communicate with the public.他们把街道当作自己的画廊来与公众交流。

S3There are even a few walls in some places where graffiti is encouraged.在一些地方，甚至有少数几面墙是鼓励涂鸦的。

S4One of the most famous ones was the John Lennon Wall in Prague in the Czech Republic.其中最著名的一面是捷克共和国布拉格的约翰·列侬墙。

S5It was filled with graffiti about lyrics from the Beatles’ songs.它上面画满了关于披头士乐队歌曲歌词的涂鸦。

S6It was popular for over twenty years.它流行了二十多年。

S7But in 2000, it was painted over with a single color.但在 2000 年，它被用单一颜色覆盖了。

五、作文金句仿写

WRITING · 用本文句型写出自己的句子
金句 1If you ask people what they think of graffiti, many people consider it to be vandalism, but some actually like the pictures or words painted on walls.
框架：If you ask people what they think of graffiti / online classes / homework, many people consider it to be vandalism / a waste of time / boring, but some actually like the pictures or words painted on walls / learning online / doing it.
仿写：If you ask people what they think of online classes, many people consider them to be a waste of time, but some actually like learning online.
如果你问人们对网课的看法，很多人认为它浪费时间，但有些人确实喜欢在线学习。
适用：引出“同一个话题存在不同看法”，先让步再转折，议论文开头很好用。
金句 2Interestingly, wall painting has been there in different forms for 40,000 years.
框架：Interestingly, wall painting / Chinese tea / paper cutting has been there in different forms for 40,000 years / thousands of years.
仿写：Interestingly, paper cutting has been there in different forms for thousands of years.
有趣的是，剪纸以不同的形式已经存在了几千年。
适用：介绍历史悠久的事物（现在完成时 + for + 时间段），常用于传统文化类作文。
金句 3It is believed that they were not just used to make the living areas charming.
框架：It is believed that they / the paintings / the walls were not just used to make the living areas charming / decorate the room.
仿写：It is believed that the wall was not just used to decorate the room.
人们认为这面墙并不只是用来装饰房间。
适用：表达“普遍看法、公认观点”，It is believed that … 比 Many people think … 更书面。
金句 4One of the most famous ones was the John Lennon Wall in Prague in the Czech Republic.
框架：One of the most famous ones / places / people was the John Lennon Wall / the Great Wall / Yuan Longping in Prague / Beijing.
仿写：One of the most famous places was the Great Wall in Beijing.
最著名的地方之一是北京的长城。
适用：介绍“最……之一”，注意 one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词，谓语用单数。

仿写建议：先把框架里的灰色 slot 换成自己的内容，再读一遍检查——① 最高级前有没有 the；② 名词有没有用复数；③ 谓语动词有没有跟真正的主语保持一致。

六、语法精讲精练

GRAMMAR · 本文 5 个必考语法点 + 综合小测 8 题

1. 现在完成时 + for / since

PRESENT PERFECT · FOR / SINCE
结构：have / has + 过去分词，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，并对现在有影响。for + 时间段（for 40,000 years），since + 时间点（since 2019）。看到 for / since 引导的时间状语，先想现在完成时；主语是第三人称单数时用 has。
①Interestingly, wall painting has been there in different forms for 40,000 years.
有趣的是，壁画以不同的形式已经存在了四万年。
②He has lived here since 2019.
他从 2019 年起就住在这里。（since 后接时间点）
③They have known each other for ten years.
他们互相认识已经十年了。（for 后接时间段）

即时练习

①Wall painting ____ (be) there for 40,000 years.
②He ____ (live) here since 2019.
③They ____ (know) each other for ten years.
查看答案与解析

① has been：主语 Wall painting 是单数，for 40,000 years 是时间段，用现在完成时 has + been。
② has lived：主语 He 是第三人称单数，since 2019 是时间点，用现在完成时 has + lived。
③ have known：主语 They 是复数，用 have + known，know 的过去分词是 known。

2. used to do / be used to do / be used to doing

THREE LOOK-ALIKES
三个形近结构必须分清：① used to do sth.＝过去常常做某事（现在已经不做了），used 是情态用法，to 后接动词原形；② be used to do sth.＝被用来做某事（被动语态，主语通常是物，to 后接动词原形）；③ be used to doing sth.＝习惯于做某事（这里的 to 是介词，后面接动名词）。判断口诀：先看主语是“人”还是“物”，再看 to 后面是原形还是 -ing。
①During ancient times, humans used to paint pictures of wild animals or people.
在古代，人类常常画野生动物或人的图画。（过去常常做）
②It is believed that they were not just used to make the living areas charming.
人们认为它们并不只是被用来让居住区域变得迷人。（被用来做）
③She is used to reading before sleep.
她习惯睡前阅读。（习惯于做，to 是介词，后接动名词）

即时练习

①He ____ (get) up early when he was young.
②Wood ____ (make) paper.
③She is used to ____ (read) before sleep.
查看答案与解析

① used to get：when he was young 说明是“过去常常”，用 used to + 动词原形。
② is used to make：主语 Wood 是物，木头“被用来”造纸，用被动结构 be used to do，主语不可数名词单数用 is。
③ reading：be used to doing 表示“习惯于做”，to 是介词，后面用动名词 reading。

3. one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词

ONE OF THE + SUPERLATIVE
表示“最……的之一”，结构是 one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词：最高级前必须加 the，后面的名词必须用复数。注意：这个短语作主语时，中心词是 One，所以谓语动词要用单数——One of the most famous ones was …。
①One of the most famous ones was the John Lennon Wall in Prague in the Czech Republic.
其中最著名的一面是捷克共和国布拉格的约翰·列侬墙。（主语中心词是 One，谓语用 was）
②He is one of the best students in our class.
他是我们班最好的学生之一。（名词用复数 students）
③Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
北京是中国最大的城市之一。（最高级前有 the，city 用复数 cities）

即时练习

①He is one of the best ____ (student) in our class.
②Beijing is one of the ____ (large) cities in China.
③One of my ____ (friend) ____ (come) from Shenzhen.
查看答案与解析

① students：one of the best + 复数名词，student 变 students。
② largest：the 与复数名词 cities 之间要用最高级，large 以不发音的 e 结尾，直接加 -st 得 largest。
③ friends；comes：one of my + 复数名词，故用 friends；主语中心词是 One，谓语用单三 comes。

4. be filled with ＝ be full of（被动语态 + 一般过去时）

BE FILLED WITH · PASSIVE VOICE
be filled with sth. ＝ be full of sth.＝“充满某物”。当主语是物、是动作的承受者时，要用被动语态 be + 过去分词；本文叙述过去的事，所以用 was / were + 过去分词：主语单数用 was，复数用 were。同类被动表达还有 was painted over（被涂盖）、is believed（被认为）、is seen（被看见）、is encouraged（被鼓励）、were used（被使用）。
①It was filled with graffiti about lyrics from the Beatles’ songs.
它上面画满了关于披头士乐队歌曲歌词的涂鸦。
②But in 2000, it was painted over with a single color.
但在 2000 年，它被用单一颜色覆盖了。
③The room was filled with smoke yesterday.
昨天房间里满是烟。（yesterday 说明用一般过去时）

即时练习

①The room ____ (fill) with smoke yesterday.
②Her eyes ____ (fill) with tears.
③The wall ____ (paint) last year.
查看答案与解析

① was filled：主语 The room 是单数，动作承受者，yesterday 表示过去，用 was + filled。
② were filled：主语 Her eyes 是复数，用 were + filled。
③ was painted：主语 The wall 是单数，墙是“被粉刷”的，last year 表示过去，用 was + painted。

5. 主谓一致 + 副词修饰动词 + 名词复数

AGREEMENT · ADVERB · PLURAL
本文三个高频小考点：① 不定代词（nobody / everybody / someone / anybody）作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数：nobody knows。② 修饰动词要用副词，不能用形容词：some actually like…（不是 actual）。③ 泛指“人类”时要用名词复数：humans used to paint…。
①There are many guesses about the reasons for creating these pictures, but nobody knows for sure.
关于创作这些图画的原因有许多猜测，但没有人确切知道。（nobody 作主语，谓语用单三）
②… but some actually like the pictures or words painted on walls …
……但也有些人确实喜欢画在墙上的图画或文字。（actually 是副词，修饰动词 like）
③During ancient times, humans used to paint pictures of wild animals or people.
在古代，人类常常画野生动物或人的图画。（humans 用复数泛指人类）

即时练习

①Nobody ____ (know) the answer.
②He speaks English ____ (good).
③____ (human) have lived here for years.
查看答案与解析

① knows：nobody 是不定代词，视为单数，谓语用单三 knows。
② well：修饰动词 speaks 要用副词，good 是形容词，其副词形式是 well。
③ Humans：泛指人类用复数 Humans，且句首首字母要大写，谓语 have lived 也是复数形式。

综合小测（8 题）

1I ____ in Shenzhen for ten years. A. live B. have lived C. am living
2— When did you come? — I ____ here since 2020. A. am B. was C. have been
3He ____ get up late, but now he gets up early. A. used to B. is used to C. was used to
4The knife ____ cutting bread. A. is used to B. is used for C. used to
5She is one of the ____ students in our school. A. clever B. cleverest C. more clever
6The bottle ____ with water. A. fills B. is filled C. filling
7Nobody ____ what happened. A. know B. knows C. knowing
8He did the work ____ . A. careful B. carefully C. care
查看 8 题答案与解析

1. B　for ten years 是时间段，与现在完成时连用 → have lived。live 是一般现在时，am living 是现在进行时，都不能和 for + 时间段搭配。
2. C　since 2020 是时间点，用现在完成时 → have been。A、B 都是一般时态，无法表示“从 2020 年持续到现在”。
3. A　but now he gets up early 说明“过去常常晚起”，用 used to do → used to get up late。B、C 都表示“习惯于”，与 now 的对比不符。
4. B　is used for doing sth. ＝被用来做某事，for 是介词，后接动名词 cutting → is used for。A 项 is used to 后应接动名词时表示“习惯于”，句意不通；C 项 used to 后接动词原形，与 cutting 不搭。
5. B　one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词 → the cleverest students。A 项缺最高级，C 项 more clever 是比较级，不能用在 one of the 之后。
6. B　瓶子是“被装满”的，用被动语态 be filled with → is filled。A 项 fills 是主动，C 项 filling 不能单独作谓语。
7. B　nobody 是不定代词，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数 → knows。A 项是原形，C 项是非谓语，都不能作谓语。
8. B　修饰动词 did 要用副词 → carefully。A、C 分别是形容词和名词，不能修饰动词。

一句话总结：语法填空先看括号里的提示词定词性——名词管单复数、动词管时态语态与非谓语、形容词管比较等级或变副词；没有提示词就先想介词、冠词、代词、连词和引导词。填完把答案放回原文，语法和语义都通才算对。