1. one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词
ONE OF THE + SUPERLATIVE
表示“最……的之一”,结构是 one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词:① 最高级前必须加 the;② 后面的名词必须用复数;③ 这个短语作主语时,中心词是 One,所以谓语动词要用单数——It is one of the greatest encyclopedias…。形容词最高级的构成:单音节词加 -est(great → greatest),多音节词加 most(famous → most famous)。
①It is one of the greatest encyclopedias written in the 17th century.
它是 17 世纪写成的、最伟大的百科全书之一。(最高级 greatest + 复数名词 encyclopedias)
②He is one of the tallest students in our class.
他是我们班最高的学生之一。
③Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
北京是中国最大的城市之一。
即时练习
①He is one of the ____ (tall) students in our class.
②Beijing is one of the ____ (large) cities in China.
③One of my ____ (friend) ____ (come) from Shenzhen.
查看答案与解析
① tallest:one of the 与复数名词 students 之间要用形容词最高级;tall 是单音节词,直接加 -est。
② largest:large 以不发音的 e 结尾,加 -st 即可,得 largest;后面 cities 是复数。
③ friends;comes:one of my + 复数名词,所以 friend → friends;这个短语作主语时中心词是 One,谓语用第三人称单数 comes。
2. 词性转换:名词、形容词、副词、序数词各就各位
WORD FORMATION
词性填空先看空处“干什么活”:① 作定语修饰名词 → 用形容词(its intelligent writer);② 作状语修饰动词或整个句子 → 用副词(Unluckily, he never got success.);③ 作主语或宾语 → 用名词;④ 表示“第几” → 用序数词(the third place)。常见转换:intelligence → intelligent;luck → lucky → luckily / unluckily;success → successful → successfully;three → third。
①But how much do you know about its intelligent writer, Song Yingxing?
但你对它那位聪慧的作者宋应星了解多少呢?(形容词作定语修饰 writer)
②Unluckily, he never got success.
不幸的是,他一直没有成功。(副词作评论性状语,修饰整句)
③Song won the third place in the provincial Imperial Exam.
宋应星在省级科举考试中考取了第三名。(序数词表示“第几”)
即时练习
①He is a ____ (success) writer.
②____ (lucky), she passed the exam.
③It’s my ____ (two) time to visit Beijing.
查看答案与解析
① successful:空后是名词 writer,需要形容词作定语,success → successful。
② Luckily:空处作整句的状语,修饰后面整个句子,用副词且句首首字母大写,lucky → luckily → Luckily。
③ second:表示“第几次”用序数词,two → second(不规则变化)。
3. be born 与一般过去时的被动语态
BE BORN · PASSIVE VOICE
be born 表示“出生”,本身含被动含义(人是“被生下来”的),所以不能用主动形式 born;一般过去时的被动语态结构为 was / were + 过去分词:主语单数用 was,复数用 were。判断被动语态三步走:① 主语是动作的承受者还是执行者;② 时间状语定时态;③ 主语单复数定 was / were。本文的被动结构还有 were used(被使用)。
①He was born in 1587 and had a happy childhood.
他出生于 1587 年,童年幸福。(in 1587 是过去时间,主语 He 是单数)
②… the technologies that were used in different fields …
……不同领域所使用的技术……(that 指 technologies,是复数,用 were used)
③The bridge was built in 1998.
这座桥建于 1998 年。(桥是被建造的,用 was + 过去分词)
即时练习
①My sister ____ (bear) in 2015.
②The bridge ____ (build) in 1998.
③These books ____ (write) by him.
查看答案与解析
① was born:be born 表示出生,in 2015 是过去时间,主语 My sister 是单数,用 was born。
② was built:桥是“被建造”的,用被动语态;in 1998 表示过去,主语单数 → was + built。
③ were written:书是“被写”的;主语 These books 是复数,用 were + write 的过去分词 written。
4. 副词作评论性状语 & however 与 but 的区别
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Unluckily / Luckily / However / Besides / Therefore 等副词常放在句首,后面加逗号,用来表达说话人的态度或句子之间的逻辑关系,称为评论性状语/连接副词。However 表转折,是副词:它不能连接两个分句,前后必须用句号或分号断开(A. However, B.);but 是并列连词:它直接连接两个分句,位置固定在中间,后面不加逗号(A, but B.)。选词口诀:“句首 + 逗号”用 However,“逗号 + 直接接分句”用 but。
①Unluckily, he never got success.
不幸的是,他一直没有成功。(副词表达态度,句首 + 逗号)
②He never got success. However, he learned about the technologies…
他一直没有成功。然而,他了解到了那些技术……(however 前面是句号,本身不是连词)
③Later, they took the national Imperial Exam, but they both failed.
后来他们参加了全国性的科举考试,但两人都落榜了。(but 直接连接两个分句,后面不加逗号)
即时练习
①____ (luck), he didn’t hurt himself.
②He was tired. ____ , he kept working.
③He was tired, ____ he kept working.
查看答案与解析
① Luckily:空处作整句状语,用副词且句首大写;luck → lucky → luckily → Luckily。
② However:前面是句号,空后是逗号,属于“A. However, B.”结构,用连接副词 However 表转折。
③ but:空前是逗号、空后直接跟分句 he kept working,属于“A, but B.”结构,用并列连词 but;此处不能用 However。
5. 冠词与固定表达(in the 1630s / work as / so … that …)
ARTICLES & FIXED PATTERNS
① in the + 年代复数=在……世纪……年代:in the 1630s、in the 1990s;但具体某一年不加 the(in 1990)。② work as + 职业=作为……工作(as 是介词,后接名词):work as a teacher。③ so + 形容词/副词 + that 从句=如此……以至于……:The king was so angry that he burned all of Song’s works.;若后面是名词短语则用 such … that …(such a good book that…)。
①His wide knowledge made him finish writing Tiangong Kaiwu in the 1630s.
他渊博的知识使他在 17 世纪 30 年代写完了《天工开物》。(in the + 年代必须有 the)
②Song worked as a teacher for many years.
宋应星当了多年老师。(work as + 职业)
③The king was so angry that he burned all of Song’s works.
国王如此生气,以至于烧掉了宋应星的所有著作。(so … that … 结果状语从句)
即时练习
①He worked ____ a doctor for ten years.
②She was born in ____ 1990s.
③The box was ____ heavy ____ I couldn’t carry it.
查看答案与解析
① as:work as + 职业,表示“作为……工作”,as 是介词。
② the:in the + 年代复数,1990s 前必须加定冠词 the,表示“20 世纪 90 年代”。
③ so; that:heavy 是形容词,用 so + adj. + that 从句表示“如此……以至于……”;注意 such 后接名词短语。
6. including 与 -ing 形式(动名词)
INCLUDING & -ING FORMS
including 常作介词,表示“包括……在内”,后面接名词或代词:130 technologies, including many pictures;而 included 一般放在名词后面:many pictures included。另外,介词后和部分动词后(finish / enjoy / mind / practise / keep)必须用 doing(动名词):made him finish writing Tiangong Kaiwu。记住:一个简单句只能有一个谓语,句子已有谓语 covers 时,include 要变成非谓语 including。
①The book covers more than 130 technologies, including many pictures to help with the understanding of the text.
这本书涵盖了 130 多项技术,其中包括许多帮助理解文本的图片。
②His wide knowledge made him finish writing Tiangong Kaiwu in the 1630s.
他渊博的知识使他在 17 世纪 30 年代写完了《天工开物》。(finish doing sth.)
③Ten students, including me, went there./Ten students went there, me included.
包括我在内的十名学生去了那里。/十名学生去了那里,包括我。
即时练习
①Ten students, ____ (include) me, went there.
②He finished ____ (read) the book.
③Thank you for ____ (help) me.
查看答案与解析
① including:空后是代词 me,用 including 表示“包括……在内”,相当于介词。
② reading:finish 后接动名词,finish doing sth.=做完某事,所以用 reading。
③ helping:for 是介词,介词后要用动名词,所以 help → helping。
综合小测(8 题)
1She is one of the ____ girls in our class. A. tall B. tallest C. taller
2He is a ____ (success) actor. A. success B. successful C. successfully
3My brother ____ in 2010. A. born B. was born C. is born
4He got the ____ place in the race. A. two B. second C. twice
5He worked ____ a teacher in a village. A. as B. like C. for
6____ , he missed the last bus. A. Lucky B. Unluckily C. Unlucky
7He was tired. ____ , he finished the work. A. But B. However C. Although
8The hall was ____ big ____ it could hold 1,000 people. A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that
查看 8 题答案与解析
1. B one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词,所以用 tallest。A 项 tall 是原级,C 项 taller 是比较级,都不能用在 one of the 之后。
2. B 空后是名词 actor,需要形容词作定语,success → successful。A 项是名词,C 项是副词(只能修饰动词或整句)。
3. B in 2010 是过去时间,be born 表示“出生”,主语 My brother 是单数 → was born。A 项 born 不能单独作谓语,C 项 is born 时态错误。
4. B 表示“第几名”用序数词,two → second。A 项 two 是基数词,C 项 twice 表示“两次”,都不合句意。
5. A work as + 职业=作为……工作。B 项 like 意为“像……一样”,C 项 for 表示目的,都不能表示身份。
6. B 空处作整句状语,句首且后有逗号,要用副词并大写首字母 → Unluckily。A、C 都是形容词,不能作状语。
7. B 前后是两句,空后紧跟逗号,属于“A. However, B.”结构,用连接副词 However。A 项 But 是连词,不能这样单独放句首加逗号;C 项 Although 引导让步状语从句,不能单独接逗号。
8. A big 是形容词,用 so + adj. + that 从句表示“如此……以至于……”;B 项 too … to … 后接动词原形,句中 it could hold 是完整句子;C 项 such 后应接名词短语(such a big hall that…)。
一句话总结:语法填空分两步——有提示词的先定词性:名词管单复数、动词管时态语态、形容词管比较等级或变副词(本文 36 greatest / 37 intelligent / 38 was born / 39 third / 41 Unluckily / 44 including);无提示词的先想虚词:介词、冠词、连词、引导词(本文 40 as / 42 However / 43 the / 45 that)。填完把答案放回原文,语法和语义都通顺才算对。