语法 · 精讲精练（源自阅读 A 文内语法点）
现在完成时 & 现在完成进行时
Present Perfect & Perfect Continuous规则：① have/has + 过去分词（done）＝到现在为止完成或经历过的动作；② have/has been + 现在分词（doing）＝从过去一直持续到现在、还可能继续；③ has been + 过去分词＝现在完成时的被动语态（“被……”）。常见标志词：over the years、since、already、so far、for + 时间段。
①skilled Chinese players have been doing very well in table tennis.
这些年中国球员在乒乓球上一直表现出色——强调“持续到现在”。
③Sun Yingsha has been given the nickname "Little Devil" by her fans.
孙颖莎被粉丝起了“小魔王”的绰号——被动语态（被赋予）。
即时练习
1She ___ (learn) English since 2020.
2They ___ (play) basketball for two hours. 用现在完成进行时
3The room ___ (clean) by my mother. 用现在完成时被动语态
参考答案与解析
1. has learned（since 2020 是完成时标志，主语第三人称单数用 has）
2. have been playing（for two hours 强调持续，“一直在打”，用 have been doing）
3. has been cleaned（房间“被妈妈打扫”，has been + 过去分词）
宾语从句
Object Clause规则：believe / say / hope / tell 等动词后接 that 引导的宾语从句，that 在口语和写作中常可省略；从句一律用陈述语序（主语 + 谓语），不用疑问句语序；主句为一般现在时，从句时态按实际内容选用。
⑩Sun believes that life is always full of ups and downs.
孙颖莎相信生活总有起起落落——that 可省略。
⑭I hope you can hold on to it.
我希望你能坚持下去——hope 后省略 that 的宾语从句。
即时练习
1I believe ___ practice makes perfect. A. that B. if C. what
2He asked me ___ . A. where did I live B. where I lived
3She said, "My dream is to be a top player." 改为宾语从句：She said ___ .
参考答案与解析
1. A（that）——believe 后接 that 引导的宾语从句，that 可省略。
2. B（where I lived）——从句用陈述语序，疑问句语序是错误选项。
3. She said (that) her dream was to be a top player.——主句 said 为过去时，从句的 is 相应变为 was（时态一致）。
if 条件状语从句
If-Conditional规则：if 引导的条件从句表示“将来可能发生的条件”时，从句用一般现在时，主句用 will / can / 祈使句（“主将从现”）。可简单记为：if 从句“现在时”，主句“将来/情态/命令”。
⑭If you truly love table tennis, I hope you can hold on to it.
如果你真心热爱乒乓球，我希望你能坚持下去——从句 love 用一般现在时。
即时练习
1If it ___ (rain) tomorrow, we will stay at home.
2You ___ (pass) the exam if you study hard.
3If she ___ (come) to the party, please tell me. 主句用祈使句
参考答案与解析
1. rains——tomorrow 是将来时间，但 if 从句仍用一般现在时表将来。
2. will pass——主句用 will + 动词原形（主将从现）。
3. comes——if 从句用一般现在时，主句是祈使句（tell me）。
not ... enough to do（不够……而不能）
enough + to do规则：① 结构：adj./adv. + enough + to do＝“足够……去做……”；② 否定式 not + adj. + enough + to do＝“不够……而不能……”；③ enough 修饰形容词/副词放后面，修饰名词放前面（enough money / time）。
⑨I was not well-rounded enough to win the gold medal in the women's singles.
我当时不够全面，没能赢下女单金牌——not + adj. + enough + to do。
即时练习
1同义转换：He is too young to go to school. → He is ___ enough ___ go to school.
2The box is light ___ (enough) for the child ___ (carry).
3I don't have ___ to buy the ticket. A. enough money B. money enough C. enough moneys
参考答案与解析
1. not old enough to go——too young = not old enough（不够大而不能）。
2. enough；to carry——light enough + for sb. + to do。
3. A（enough money）——enough 修饰名词时放在名词前面，money 不可数不加 s。
动名词作主语 & encourage sb. to do
Gerund as Subject & Verb Pattern规则：① 动名词（doing）或不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数；② encourage sb. to do sth.＝鼓励某人做某事（to do 作宾语补足语）；类似结构还有 ask / tell / want sb. to do。
⑥Becoming a world top player like her idol Zhang Yining has always been her dream.
成为像偶像张怡宁那样的世界顶级选手一直是她的梦想——动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 has。
⑬Sun encourages them to keep their love and stay focused.
孙颖莎鼓励他们保持热爱、保持专注——encourage sb. to do sth.
即时练习
1___ (swim) is good for our health.
2My teacher encourages me ___ (speak) English every day.
3___ (read) books makes you clever.
参考答案与解析
1. Swimming——动名词作主语，谓语用单数 is。
2. to speak——encourage sb. to do sth.，to 后接动词原形。
3. Reading——动名词短语作主语，谓语 makes 用单数。
综合小测
1Over the years, she ___ hard in table tennis. A. works B. has worked C. is working
2— Where is Tom? — He ___ to Beijing. He'll be back next week. A. has gone B. has been C. went
3I don't know ___ he will come tomorrow. A. that B. whether C. what
4If she ___ tomorrow, I will tell you. A. comes B. will come C. came
5The boy is not tall enough ___ the shelf. A. reaching B. reach C. to reach
6___ every day makes you healthy. A. Exercise B. Exercising C. To exercising
7The novel ___ by Lu Xun. A. writes B. was written C. is writing
8My father encourages me ___ more books. A. read B. reading C. to read
参考答案与解析（8 题）
1. B（has worked）——over the years 是现在完成时标志。
2. A（has gone）——has gone to 表示“去了还没回来”，与下文 He'll be back 呼应。
3. B（whether）——whether 引导宾语从句表“是否”；that 无意义，what 缺成分。
4. A（comes）——if 条件从句用一般现在时表将来（主将从现）。
5. C（to reach）——not tall enough + to do。
6. B（Exercising）——动名词作主语，谓语用单数。
7. B（was written）——小说“被”鲁迅写，一般过去时被动语态。
8. C（to read）——encourage sb. to do sth.